​​The research encompasses a range of topics, from describing the surface and sub-surface hydrology of these environments and validating the flow of water and energy with modeling and undertaking in-situ observations to better constrain the uncertainty. For the slope map for the Jeddah region and surroundings, field sampling is conducted for the existing shallow and deep aquifers and filed data is coupled within an appropriate modelling framework for flood risk assessment. UMS Meteo-Lysimeter systems is installed at three locations near and within the KAUST campus are to better understand a range of processes related to arid systems and to explore the heat exchanges occurring between the surface and sub-surface.​